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- <text id=89TT2966>
- <title>
- Nov. 13, 1989: Tritium Puzzle
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Nov. 13, 1989 Arsenio Hall
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 75
- Tritium Puzzle
- </hdr><body>
- <p>An H-bomb ingredient is gone, and no one knows where
- </p>
- <p> The mystery was great enough to disturb even the most jaded
- cold warrior. Somewhere between Oak Ridge, Tenn., and two
- manufacturers in England, a total of five grams (0.175 oz.) of
- radioactive tritium had vanished without a trace. What made the
- disappearance especially alarming was that the quantity of
- tritium involved was sufficient, when combined with other
- ingredients, to build a small nuclear weapon. The U.S.
- Department of Energy, sensitive to the dangers of nuclear
- proliferation, last July halted U.S. sales of the gas and moved
- quickly to explain the losses and assure the public that the
- missing tritium had not ended up in the hands of a terrorist
- state.
- </p>
- <p> A little too quickly, it seems. According to a report by
- the Energy Department's inspector general made public last week,
- the DOE not only failed to locate the missing tritium but never
- adequately addressed the possibility that the gas was stolen.
- In a sharply worded statement that raises questions about what
- exactly the Government has been doing for the past five months,
- the inspector general said that earlier explanations attributing
- the losses to procedural errors or mismeasurements were based
- more on "speculation than fact." More than a year after the
- first shortfalls occurred, the report charges, "basic questions
- concerning (the) discrepancies remain unresolved."
- </p>
- <p> Tritium, an isotope of hydrogen that contains two neutrons
- and a proton in its nucleus, occurs naturally in minute
- quantities in raindrops and groundwater. But the radioactive gas
- took on strategic importance in 1952, when the U.S. exploded its
- first hydrogen bomb. That explosion demonstrated the destructive
- force that can be released when tritium fuses with deuterium,
- another hydrogen isotope, to yield helium and a burst of nuclear
- energy. Today, tritium is used both to enhance the power of atom
- bombs and in the trigger mechanism of the far more destructive
- H-bomb. Because it decays at the rate of 5.5% a year, the gas
- must be regularly replenished if atomic weapons are to maintain
- their full explosive potential.
- </p>
- <p> Until recently, it was the problem of tritium replenishment
- that concerned most nuclear experts. Last year the DOE was
- forced to shut down its only source of tritium, the aging
- Savannah River nuclear weapons plant in South Carolina, when the
- reactors there developed cracks and other safety problems. The
- risk that the U.S.'s nuclear arsenal might soon run out of gas
- provoked long and acrimonious debates in Congress. In the midst
- of that controversy word came that the DOE had been making
- millions of dollars a year by selling surplus tritium overseas.
- Some of the gas, it was revealed, had vanished while being
- shipped to British lighting manufacturers.
- </p>
- <p> The tritium in question followed a circuitous route that
- began at the Savannah River weapons plant. The vast majority of
- the plant's tritium output was purified and stored for use in
- nuclear warheads. But some 300 grams (10.5 oz.) a year was sent
- to Oak Ridge, where it was packaged in uranium sponge and sold
- for commercial use -- primarily as a radioactive marker in
- biological research or as a source of light in everything from
- airport runways to luminous watch dials. The apparent losses
- were discovered when customers complained of discrepancies
- between the amount of tritium ostensibly exported and the amount
- that was actually received.
- </p>
- <p> Three separate investigations were launched to explain the
- discrepancies, but according to the inspector general's report,
- none of the probes seriously pursued the possibility of illegal
- diversion. Experts say that although the material was packed in
- sealed containers, it was sent by commercial carrier and did
- not receive the special safeguards used for shipments of
- plutonium or enriched uranium. Last week's report urged a fresh
- investigation and a tightening of procedures. Critics welcomed
- the recommendations but wondered why they came so late. Asked
- Congressman Edward Markey of Massachusetts, who released the
- report to the press: "Do we have to wait until Pakistan, Libya
- or South Africa announce they have got an H-bomb before we start
- taking the risk of diversion seriously?"
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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